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{\it On the Need for Reform of the H-1B Nonimmigrant Work Visa in
Computer-Related Occupations} \\
{\sc University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform} \\
Fall 2003, Vol. 36, Issue 4, 815-914 \\
N. Matloff 

\bigskip

Table of Contents 

(Note: add 814 to page numbers here to get the page numbers in the
published version.)

\begin{itemize}

\item [I.] Introduction, p.1

\item [II.] History and Usage Trends, p.4

   \begin{itemize}

   \item [A.] Early History of the H-1B Program, p.4

   \item [B.] Legislation to Expand/Reform the Program, p.7 

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  ACWIA 98 (1998 expansion bill), p.7

      \item [2.]  AC 21 (2000 expansion bill), p.12

      \item [3.]  Post-AC 21, p.14

      \end{itemize}

   \end{itemize}

\item [III.] Primary Focus on Computer Programmers, p.17

Definition of {\it programmer} (including software engineers, etc.).
Reason why lesser emphasis on engineering. 

\item [IV.]  The Industry's Claims to Need H-1B Workers, p.19

   \begin{itemize}

   \item [A.]  General Investigations of a Possible Worker Shortage, p.19

      \begin{itemize}
      
      \item [1.]  The ITAA reports (industry lobbying group), p.19

      \item [2.]  The Lerman Analyses and Similar Studies (Urban Institute), 
      p.20 

      \item [3.]  The Veneri Paper (Dept. of Labor), p.21

      \item [4.]  The DOC (Dept. of Commerce) Reverses Its Position, p.22

      \item [5.]  The Computing Research Association's View (consortium of
      U.S. university computer science departments), p. 22

      \item [6.]  The IT Workforce Data Project (Sloan Foundation-funded
      research group), p.23

      \item [7.]  The Congressionally-Commissioned NRC Report, p.24

      \item [8.]  The Wharton School Analysis (U. Penn business
      professor Peter Cappelli), p.25

      Cappelli concludes that the claimed ``shortage'' was nothing more
      than a ``shortage'' of cheap labor.

      \item [9.]  Issues of Potential Bias, p.26

      \item [10.]  The Matloff Analyses, p.29

      \end{itemize}

   \item [B.]  Claims of a Skills Shortage, p.31

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  (Claimed Need for Stringent) Applicant Screening on
      Skill Sets, p.31

      \item [2.]  The Cappelli Principle Again, p.32

      \item [3.]  An Incentive/Pretext to Hire More H-1Bs, p.34

      \item [4.]  Upping the ante, p.35

      \item [5.]  A Self-Perpetuating Process, p.36

      \item [6.]  Talent, Not Skill Sets, Is What Counts, p.37

      \end{itemize}

   \item [C.]  Claims of a Shortage of Bachelor's Degree Holders in
   Computer Science, p.39

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  University CS Enrollment Figures, p.39

      \item [2.]  Slow Growth in CS Starting Salaries, p.41

      \item [3.]  Non-CS Majors, p.43

      \end{itemize}

   \item [D.]  Claims of a Shortage of PhDs and Master's Degree Holders,
   p.43

   \item [E.]  Claims That H-1Bs Are ``the Best and the Brightest,'' p.47

   \item [F.]  Conclusions, p.49
   
   \end{itemize}

\item [V.]  H-1Bs As a Source of Cheap Labor, p.50

   \begin{itemize}

   \item [A.]  De Facto Indentured Servitude of the H-1Bs, p.50

   \item [B.]  Methodological Issues, p.55

   \item [C.]  Quantitative Evidence, p.56

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  Work by Papademetriou and Yale-Loehr (former DOL
      researcher and immigration attorney, resp.), p.56

      \item [2.]  The UCLA Study, p.57

      \item [3.]  The Matloff Study, p.58

      \item [4.]  The NSF Study, p.60

      \item [5.]  The DOL Audit, p.61

      \item [6.]  INS/BLS Data, p.62

      \item [7.]  The NRC Study, p.62

      \item [8.]  Issues of Firm Size, p.64

      \end{itemize}

   \item [D.]  Other Issues, p.66

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  Long Work Hours for H-1Bs, p.66

      \item [2.]  Even the Industry Admits H-1Bs Are Used to Reduce
      Labor Costs, p.67

      \item [3.]  The Alternative of Shipping Work Abroad, p.68

      \item [4.]  Legal Fees, p.70

      \end{itemize}

   \item [E.]  Conclusions, p.70

   \end{itemize}

\item [VI.]  Adverse Impacts on American Workers, p.71

   \begin{itemize}

   \item [A.]  General Impact Issues, p.72

   \item [B.]  Adverse Impacts on American Workers Over 40, p.73

      \begin{itemize}

      \item [1.]  Langbein Study (American University), p.74

      \item [2.]  The NRC Report, p.74

      \item [3.]  Manager Surveys, p. 76

      \item [4.]  Resulting Attrition, p.78

      \item [5.]  Skill Sets, p.80

      \end{itemize}

   \item [C.]  Impacts on New Graduates in Computer-Related Areas, p.81

   \item [D.]  Impacts on PhDs, p.83

   \item [E.]  Immigrant Entrepreneurship, p.85

   \item [F.]  Conclusions, p.87

   \end{itemize}

\item [VII.]  Proposals for Reform, p.87

   \begin{itemize}

   \item [A.]  Why the Current Laws and Regulations Fail, p.88

   \item [B.]  A Proposal for Reform, p.92

   \end{itemize}

\item [VIII.]  Overall Conclusions, p.99 

\end{itemize}

\end{document}