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\begin{document}

Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\textbf{Directions: Work only on this sheet (on both sides, if needed); do not
turn in any supplementary sheets of paper. There is actually plenty of room
for your answers, as long as you organize yourself BEFORE starting writing.
In order to get full credit, SHOW YOUR WORK.}

{\bf 1.}  (10)  Fill in the blank:  The name of the UNIX program which
in class we've been referring to as the ``clerk'' is
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

\textbf{2.} Look at the example assembly language program on p.4 of
the unit on Linux assembly language.  

\begin{itemize}

\item [(a)] (15) State the contents of the registers EAX, EBX and ECX
after the third execution of the {\bf decl} instruction.  Assume that x
starts at location 0x500.

\item [(b)] (10) Suppose we had accidentally written {\bf incl} instead
of {\bf decl}.  Would the program still work correctly?  If so, clearly
state why; if not, then very specifically state what would happen.

\end{itemize}


{\bf 3.}  (10) In class we discussed an alternative hardware design for
Intel in which conditional jumps would have two operands instead of one.
For example, the instruction

\begin{verbatim}
jnz top
\end{verbatim}

in our example program would become something like

\begin{verbatim}
jnz %eax,top
\end{verbatim}

Fill in the blank:  The advantage we discussed was that this design
would eliminate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

\textbf{4.} (10) In class it was stated that Intel CPUs do not allow two
operands of the same instruction to be in memory, but an exception was
cited.  State which specific counterexample was given.

{\bf 5.} (10) In our floating-point system at the bottom of p.8 and top
of p.9 of Chapter 1, what is the largest possible number which can be
represented, expressed in $u \times 2^v$ form?  What is the smallest
possible positive number?

{\bf 6.}  (10) For some positive number x, say the last few bits in the
2s comp. rep. of -x are ...101101.  (We are NOT given the
more-significant bits here.) Find the corresponding bits for -(x+3).

{\bf 7.} (10) Suppose we are writing a {\bf vi}-like text editor which
is capable of processing documents which consist of a mixture of English
and Chinese, as in our discussion on this in lecture.  

Say our editor reads the file specified by the user into a global array
of {\bf char} named TheFile.  We have a global {\bf int} variable named
Cursor which points to the current position of the cursor within the
file.  In other words, the character currently highlighted by the editor
cursor begins at TheFile[Cursor].  That character also ends at that same
position in the array if it is an English character; if it is a Chinese
character, the character consists of TheFile[Cursor] and
TheFile[Cursor+1].  There is a null byte immediately following the last
character in TheFile.  As a check on your understanding, note that if
there are, for example, 3 English and 2 Chinese characters before the
character currently being highlighted by the cursor, then Cursor will
equal 7.

Our editor will have a {\bf void} function named DoLeftArrow(), which
takes the proper actions when the user hits $\leftarrow$, i.e. the
function will move the cursor one (English or Chinese) character to the
left.  Write this function.  Your function will call another one,
ScreenUpdate(), which physically moves the cursor image on the screen;
assume that is given, i.e. you will not write that function yourself
here.

{\bf 8.}  (15) The following code assumes that the .data segment
includes the following:

\begin{verbatim}
x:
   .word 0
y:
   .byte 0
\end{verbatim}

We will be interpreting the quantities in x and y as 16-bit and 8-bit
signed integers, respectively.

In the text segment, y is changed (code NOT shown below), and then we
wish to copy y to x, accounting for the fact that we are using them to
store quantities of different sizes.  To do so, we have the following
code:

\begin{verbatim}
   ... # y is changed in the "..." 
   movl $x,%eax
   movb y,%bl
   movb %bl,(%eax)
   addl _______,%eax
   cmpb $0,y
   js a
   movb _______,(%eax)
   jmp b
a:
   movb _______,(%eax)
b: 
\end{verbatim}

Fill in the three blanks in the code above.

{\bf Solutions:}

{\bf 1.}  {\bf as}

{\bf 2.a.} 1; 8; 0x50c

{\bf 2.b.} Eventually ECX would exceed the range of memory allocated to
the program, and a seg fault would occur.

{\bf 3.}  The EFLAGS register (thus saving space on the CPU chip).

{\bf 4.}  decl (\%eax)

{\bf 5.}  $511 \times 2^{31}$; $1 \times 2^{-32}$

{\bf 6.}  To get -(x+3) from -x, just ``wind back'' three more times,
yielding ...101010.

{\bf 7.}

\begin{verbatim}

void DoLeftArrow()

{  if (Cursor > 1)  // Cursor = 1 is an exceptional case
      // check for Chinese, i.e. high bit set 
      if (TheFile[Cursor-2] < 0) Cursor -= 2;  // yes, Chinese
      else Cursor--;  // no, English
   else Cursor--;  // if Cursor = 1, no room for a Chinese character
   ScreenUpdate();
}
\end{verbatim}

{\bf 8.}  

\begin{verbatim}
   ... # y is changed in the "..." 

   #copy y to low byte of x
   movl $x,%eax
   movb y,%bl
   movb %bl,(%eax)  

   # point EAX to high byte of x, to prepare for later movb
   addl $1,%eax

   # if y >= 0, need to put 0s in the high byte of x; if y < 0, need to
   # put 1s there
   cmpb $0,y
   js a
   movb 0x00,(%eax)
   jmp b
a:
   movb 0xff,(%eax)
b: 
\end{verbatim}

\end{document}